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Dermatological toxicities: Hand foot skin reaction (palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia) and rash represent the most common adverse drug reactions with sorafenib. Rash and hand foot skin reaction are usually CTC (Common Toxicity Criteria) Grade 1 and 2 and generally appear during the first six weeks of treatment with sorafenib. Management of dermatological toxicities may include topical therapies for symptomatic relief, temporary treatment interruption and/or dose modification of sorafenib, or in severe or persistent cases, permanent discontinuation of sorafenib (see Adverse Reactions).
Hypertension: An increased incidence of arterial hypertension was observed in sorafenib-treated patients. Hypertension was usually mild to moderate, occurred early in the course of treatment, and was amenable to management with standard antihypertensive therapy. Blood pressure should be monitored regularly and treated, if required, in accordance with standard medical practice. In cases of severe or persistent hypertension, or hypertensive crisis despite institution of antihypertensive therapy, permanent discontinuation of sorafenib should be considered (see Adverse Reactions).
Hypoglycaemia: Decreases in blood glucose, in some cases clinically symptomatic and requiring hospitalization due to loss of consciousness, have been reported during sorafenib treatment. In case of symptomatic hypoglycaemia, sorafenib should be temporarily interrupted. Blood glucose levels in diabetic patients should be checked regularly in order to assess if anti-diabetic medicinal product's dosage needs to be adjusted.
Haemorrhage: An increased risk of bleeding may occur following sorafenib administration. If any bleeding event necessitates medical intervention, it is recommended that permanent discontinuation of sorafenib should be considered (see Adverse Reactions). Due to the potential risk of bleeding, tracheal, bronchial, and esophageal infiltration should be treated with localized therapy prior to administering sorafenib in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Cardiac ischaemia and/or infarction: In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (study 1, see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions) the incidence of treatment-emergent cardiac ischaemia/infarction events was higher in the sorafenib group (4.9%) compared with the placebo group (0.4%). In study 3 (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions) the incidence of treatment-emergent cardiac ischaemia/infarction events was 2.7% in sorafenib patients compared with 1.3% in the placebo group. Patients with unstable coronary artery disease or recent myocardial infarction were excluded from these studies. Temporary or permanent discontinuation of sorafenib should be considered in patients who develop cardiac ischaemia and/or infarction (see Adverse Reactions).
QT interval prolongation: Sorafenib has been shown to prolong the QT/QTc interval (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions), which may lead to an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Use sorafenib with caution in patients who have, or may develop prolongation of QTc, such as patients with a congenital long QT syndrome, patients treated with a high cumulative dose of anthracycline therapy, patients taking certain anti-arrhythmic medicines or other medicinal products that lead to QT prolongation, and those with electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia, or hypomagnesaemia. When using sorafenib in these patients, periodic monitoring with on-treatment electrocardiograms and electrolytes (magnesium, potassium and calcium) should be considered.
Gastrointestinal perforation: Gastrointestinal perforation is an uncommon event and has been reported in less than 1% of patients taking sorafenib. In some cases this was not associated with apparent intra-abdominal tumour. Sorafenib therapy should be discontinued (see Adverse Reactions).
Hepatic impairment: No data is available on patients with Child Pugh C (severe) hepatic impairment. Since sorafenib is mainly eliminated via the hepatic route exposure might be increased in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Warfarin co-administration: Infrequent bleeding events or elevations in the International Normalised Ratio (INR) have been reported in some patients taking warfarin while on sorafenib therapy. Patients taking concomitant warfarin or phenprocoumon should be monitored regularly for changes in prothrombin time, INR or clinical bleeding episodes (see Interactions and Adverse Reactions).
Wound healing complications: No formal studies of the effect of sorafenib on wound healing have been conducted. Temporary interruption of sorafenib therapy is recommended for precautionary reasons in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. There is limited clinical experience regarding the timing of reinitiation of therapy following major surgical intervention. Therefore, the decision to resume sorafenib therapy following a major surgical intervention should be based on clinical judgement of adequate wound healing.
Drug-drug interactions: Caution is recommended when administering sorafenib with compounds that are metabolised/eliminated predominantly by the UGT1A1 (e.g. irinotecan) or UGT1A9 pathways (see Interactions).
Caution is recommended when sorafenib is co-administered with docetaxel (see Interactions).
Co-administration of neomycin or other antibiotics that cause major ecological disturbances of the gastrointestinal microflora may lead to a decrease in sorafenib bioavailability (see Interactions). The risk of reduced plasma concentrations of sorafenib should be considered before starting a treatment course with antibiotics.
Higher mortality has been reported in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung treated with sorafenib in combination with platinum-based chemotherapies. In two randomised trials investigating patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the subgroup of patients with squamous cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib as add-on to paclitaxel/carboplatin, the HR for overall survival was found to be 1.81 (95% CI 1.19; 2.74) and as add-on to gemcitabine/cisplatin 1.22 (95% CI 0.82; 1.80). No single cause of death dominated, but higher incidence of respiratory failure, hemorrhages and infectious adverse events were observed in patients treated with sorafenib as add-on to platinum-based chemotherapies.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. There is no evidence that sorafenib affects the ability to drive or to operate machinery.
Use in Pregnancy & Lactation: Women should avoid becoming pregnant while on therapy.
Women of childbearing potential must be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus, which includes severe malformation (teratogenicity), failure to thrive and fetal death (embryotoxicity).
Sorafenib should not be used during pregnancy. Prescribers may only consider it to be used, if the potential benefits justify the potential risks to the fetus.
Breastfeeding should be discontinued during sorafenib therapy. (See Use in Pregnancy & Lactation.)
Use in the Elderly: Cases of renal failure have been reported. Monitoring of renal function should be considered.
